Document Type : Review article
Authors
1
Physical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt.
2
Basic Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sinai University, Al-Arish, Egypt
3
Pharohs-Higher Institute for Computer, Information System and Management, Cairo, Egypt.
4
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. -Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantra Branch, Ismailia, Egypt.
Abstract
This study evaluates glass ceramics' production methods, properties, and applications, focusing on techniques such as two-stage heat treatments, single-stage processes, petrurgic methods, powder methods, and sol-gel precursor glasses. It examines each method's benefits and limitations and suitability for different applications in sectors like construction, optics, medicine, electronics, military, kitchenware, and thermal applications. The conventional two-stage heat treatment involves nucleation at lower temperatures and crystal growth at higher temperatures, which is critical for achieving desired properties such as strength and thermal shock resistance. Alternatives like single-stage heat treatments, such as those used for Silceram, offer cost benefits but may not always achieve optimal properties. The petrologic method provides a more economical approach but poses challenges in microstructure control. Sintering processes combine densification and crystallization, and powder technology methods are also explored. The sol-gel method, though promising for high-purity applications, faces challenges in scalability and cost. Recycling waste materials for glass-ceramic production offers environmental benefits, including reducing landfill waste and conserving resources. Various waste materials, such as coal fly ash and steel slag, can be utilized, though there are trade-offs between waste reuse and product performance. Glass ceramics exhibit a range of useful properties, including transparency, low thermal expansion, toughness, and biocompatibility. These characteristics make them suitable for diverse applications, from the military to the medical fields. Advanced types like lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics offer specific advantages for high-performance applications but may have limitations based on temperature and machinability. Overall, the study underscores the versatility of glass ceramics and highlights ongoing developments and optimizations in their production and applications.
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